...
Leinster (2004) reported the following construction costs associated with bioretention systems in greenfield developments within South East Queensland:
- Bioretention systems greater than 100m
- Bioretention systems less than 100m
- Swale bioretention systems: $100 - 120/linear metre including vegetation (for this system the filter zone has a width of 1 m and the swale has a top width of 3-4 m).
The Centre for Watershed Protection (CWP, 1998) and US EPA (2001) reported the typical annual maintenance cost ≈ 5-7% of the construction cost.
...
Table 1. Cost estimates associated with aquaplate above ground tanks
| Item | Approximate cost for each tank size (in $2001) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 5kL | 10kL | 15kL | |
| Aquaplate rainwater tank | 540 | 870 | 1200 |
| Pump + pressure controller | 200 + 160 | 200 + 160 | 200 + 160 |
| Plumber and fittings | 500 | 500 | 500 |
| Float system | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Concrete base | 200 | 200 | 200 |
| GST (10%) | 170 | 200 | 240 |
| Total (incl. GST) | $1,910 | $2,230 | $2,600 |
In addition, SIA (2004) reported that:
- pumps typically have a 10 year life span; and
- the operating and maintenance cost of pumps are approximately $0.1 per kL of rainwater consumed. (Note that a typical family home may use ~20 kL/year of water for toilet flushing.)
Boubli and Kassim (2003) reported the following cost estimates for supply and installation of above and below ground rainwater tanks or a single installation in Sydney (shown in Table 2):
Table 2. Cost estimates for supply and installation of above and below ground rainwater tanks or a single installation in Sydney
| Tank size | Tank type | Tank shape | Approximate tank supply cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.5kL | Galvanised steel, aboveground | Round Rectangular / ovular | $2,470 $2,870 |
...
| Colorbond finish with a polymer type liner, aboveground | Round Rectangular / ovular | $2,570 $2,970 | |
| 3kL | Galvanised steel, aboveground | Round Rectangular / ovular | $2,970 $3,470 |
...
| Colorbond finish with a polymer type liner, aboveground | Round Rectangular / ovular | $3,320 $3,820 | |
| 5kL | Galvanised steel, aboveground | Round Rectangular / ovular | $3,170 $4,280 |
...
| Colorbond finish with a polymer type liner, aboveground | Round Rectangular / ovular | $3,620 $4,600 | |
| 9kL | Galvanised steel, aboveground | Round | $3670 |
...
| Colorbond finish with a polymer type liner, aboveground | Round | $4,120 | |
| 5kL | Below ground (Rocla Eco Rain) | - | $7,800 (plus $800 for reticulation to toilets) |
| 10kL | Below ground (Rocla Eco Rain) | - | $11,050 (plus $1,050 for reticulation to toilets) |
...
Indicative prices for polyethylene (plastic) rainwater tanks are summarised in Table 3 (Irrigation Warehouse, 2005). These prices include GST, typically include delivery and are relevant to New South Wales, Victoria, southern Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory.
Table 3. Prices for polyethylene (plastic) rainwater tanks
| Tank size (L) | Tank type | Approximate tank supply cost ($) |
|---|---|---|
509 | Slim line (aboveground) | $491 |
700 | Tall round (aboveground) | $418 |
720 | Slim (aboveground) | $501 |
758 | Round (aboveground) | $511 |
1,074 | Slim (aboveground) | $766 |
1,179 | Round (aboveground) | $521 |
1,250 | Round (aboveground) | $550 |
1,400 | Tall slim (aboveground) | $792 |
1,615 | Round (aboveground) | $551 |
1,800 | Under house (aboveground) | $1,122 |
2,100 | Tall slim (aboveground) | $1,144 |
2,281 | Slim (aboveground) | $1,271 |
2,499 | Squat (aboveground) | $601 |
2,500 | Round (aboveground) | $682 |
2,500 | Twin under-deck (aboveground) | $1,122 |
2,542 | Tall (aboveground) | $601 |
2,800 | Tall slim (aboveground) | $1,496 |
3,600 | Twin rectangular under house (aboveground) | $2,244 |
4,125 | Squat (aboveground) | $901 |
4,885 | Medium round (aboveground) | $901 |
5,000 | Round (aboveground) | $968 |
9,000 | RT poly tank (aboveground) | $1,595 |
9,609 | Large squat (aboveground) | $1,850 |
10,478 | Large tall (aboveground) | $1,500 |
10,500 | RT poly tank (aboveground) | $1,705 |
13,500 | RT poly tank (aboveground) | $2,024 |
15,064 | Large (aboveground) | $1,850 |
22,500 | Low profile (aboveground) | $2,376 |
22,500 | RT poly tank (aboveground) | $2,640 |
24,180 | Large tall (aboveground) | $2,551 |
25,090 | Large low profile (aboveground) | $2,551 |
29,560 | Very large (aboveground) | $2,950 |
38,334 | Very large (aboveground) | $4,170 |
| 47,950 | Monster (aboveground) | $5,152 |
Grant and Hallmann (2003) estimated the costs associated with a 2,250 litre plastic tank with a life span of 30 years as: $510 purchase; $38.50 (delivery); $270 (for plumbing costs that allow toilet flushing and garden watering to use tank water); $350 (for the pump); $100 (electrician costs). They also assumed the pump would last for 15 years, and the cost of running the pump (in Melbourne) was estimated to be $0.1368/kwh.
Additional costs and Cost break-downs
Melbourne Water (2003a) add 15% to estimated greenfield construction costs for "engineering fees" and 20% for "contingencies".
Brisbane City Council (2003) used the following assumption to break down total BMP construction costs where itemised costs were not available: 10% for design, 85% for construction and 5% for management costs.
Choi and Engel (2003) estimated that design costs for structural BMPs typically account for 30% of construction costs.
The Washington State Department of Transportation (2002) add 25% onto estimated BMP construction costs for "contingency" costs, 30% for "engineering services and permitting fees", and 10% for "mobilisation and demobilisation of equipment".
References
Barter, S. (2004). Senior Project Officer - Stormwater, Department of Environment and Conservation New South Wales, personal communication.
...
Beecham, S. (2002). Development of Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) Concepts for Model Farms High School.
...
Not seen, cited in URS (2003).
...
Boral (2003). Costing data for porous paving in NSW. Data provided in ‘Low Impact Water Management in New Developments - How Much Does WSUD Really Cost?
Booklet 1: Project Cost Summaries and Workshop Information’ (Gibbs, S., Ed.). Booklet for the ‘How Much Does WSUD Really Cost?" workshop in Newcastle, 1 July
2003. Lower Hunter and Central Coast Regional Environmental Management Strategy, Newcastle, New South Wales.
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2003. Lower Hunter and Central Coast Regional Environmental Management Strategy, Newcastle, New South Wales.
...
Boubli, D. and Kassim, F. (2003). Comparison of Construction Costs for Water Sensitive Urban Design and Conventional Stormwater Design. Technical paper.
...
...
Brisbane City Council (2003). Unpublished cost estimates supplied by Emma Slack-Smith, Environmental Scientist, Brisbane, Queensland, personal communication.
...
Bryant, M. (2003). Senior Landscape Architect, Department of Public Works and Services, New South Wales, personal communication. Data provided in ‘Low Impact Water Management in New Developments - How Much Does WSUD Really Cost? Booklet 1: Project Cost Summaries and Workshop Information’ (Gibbs, S., Ed.).
Booklet for the ‘How Much Does WSUD Really Cost?" workshop in Newcastle, 1 July 2003. Lower Hunter and Central Coast Regional Environmental Management
Strategy, Newcastle, New South Wales.
Booklet for the ‘How Much Does WSUD Really Cost?" workshop in Newcastle, 1 July 2003. Lower Hunter and Central Coast Regional Environmental Management
Strategy, Newcastle, New South Wales.
...
Cardno BLH (2002). Costing data for rainwater tanks.
...
Data provided in ‘Low Impact Water Management in New Developments - How Much Does WSUD Really
Cost? Booklet 1: Project Cost Summaries and Workshop Information’ (Gibbs, S., Ed.). Booklet for the ‘How Much Does WSUD Really Cost?" workshop in Newcastle,
1 July 2003. Lower Hunter and Central Coast Regional Environmental Management Strategy, Newcastle, New South Wales.
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1 July 2003. Lower Hunter and Central Coast Regional Environmental Management Strategy, Newcastle, New South Wales.
...
Centre for Watershed Protection (CWP) (1998). Costs and Benefits of Storm Water BMPs: Final Report 9/14/98. Centre for Watershed Protection, Ellicott City, Maryland; not seen, cited in US EPA (2001).
...
Choi, J.Y. and Engel, B.A. (2003). Cost Analysis System for Urban Storm Water BMPs (CASUB).
...
...
Coombes, P. (2002). Practice Note No. 4 - Rainwater Tanks. Lower Hunter and Central Coast Regional Environmental Management Strategy, Newcastle, New South
Wales.
Wales.
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Earth Tech Engineering Pty Ltd (2003). Unpublished cost estimate supplied by Lisa Stevens, Engineering Designer, Shepparton, Victoria, personal communication.
...
Fletcher, T., Duncan, H., Lloyd, S, and Poelsma, P. (2005). Stormwater Flow and Quality and the Effectiveness of Non-proprietary Stormwater Treatment Measures.
Technical Report 04/8. Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology, Melbourne, Victoria.
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...
Gardner, T. (2004).
...
Principal Scientist - Water Cycle Sciences, Department of Natural Resources, Queensland, personal communication.
...
Gardner, T., Millar, G. and Hyde, R. (2003). ‘The Healthy Homeâ - A Step Towards Sustainable Suburbs’.
...
Proceedings of the Second National Water Recycling
Conference. Brisbane, September 2003.
Conference. Brisbane, September 2003.
...
Gibbs, S. (2003). Low Impact Water Management in New Developments - How Much Does WSUD Really Cost? Booklet 1: Project Cost Summaries and Workshop
Information. Booklet for the ‘How Much Does WSUD Really Cost?" workshop in Newcastle, 1 July 2003. Lower Hunter and Central Coast Regional Environmental
Management Strategy, Newcastle, New South Wales.
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Management Strategy, Newcastle, New South Wales.
...
Grant, T. and Hallmann, M. (2003). ‘Urban Domestic Water Tanks: Life Cycle Assessment’. Water, August 2003, pp. 22-27.
...
Hornsby Shire Council (2002). The Catchment Remediation Capital Works Program - Annual Report 2001 - 2002. Hornsby Shire Council, Hornsby, New South Wales.
...
Hunter, G. (2003). Engineering Coordinator - Stormwater, Penrith City Council, New South Wales, personal communication.
...
Data provided as part of the CRC’s BMP
costing survey of Australian stormwater managers.
costing survey of Australian stormwater managers.
...
Institute for Sustainable Futures (2002). Kogarah Town Square Water Management - An Evaluation of Costs and Benefits. Report prepared for Kogarah Municipal
Council.
Council.
...
Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales.
...
Irrigation Warehouse (2005). Web site for water tanks models and prices. Available at:https://www.irrigationwarehouse.com.au/
...
(September 2024).
...
Kuczera G. and Coombes, P. (2001). A System Perspective of the Urban Water Cycle: New Insights, New Opportunities. Paper presented at the Stormwater Industry
Association 2001 Regional Conference. Port Stephens, New South Wales, 26-28 April 2001.
Association 2001 Regional Conference. Port Stephens, New South Wales, 26-28 April 2001.
...
Lane, H. (2004). ‘Water Sensitive Urban Design in the Snowy Monaro Region’. Proceedings of the SIA 2004 Regional Conference: Use It or Lose It - It Makes Sense.
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...
Leinster, S. (2004). Shaun Leinster, Senior Engineer, Ecological Engineering Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, personal communication.
...
Lloyd, S.D., Wong, T.H.F, and Chesterfield, C.J. (2002).
...
Water Sensitive Urban Design - A Stormwater Management Perspective. Industry Report No. 02/10.
Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology, Melbourne, Victoria. Referenced heavily in Fletcher et al. (2005).
Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology, Melbourne, Victoria. Referenced heavily in Fletcher et al. (2005).
...
Melbourne Water (2003a). Unpublished cost estimation model for large greenfield wetlands funded by Melbourne Water.
...
Melbourne Water, Melbourne, Victoria.
...
Melbourne Water (2003b). Rainwater Tanks > Maintenance and Costs. Web page within the ‘Integrated Water Cycle Tools’ web site.
...
...
New South Wales Department of Public Works and Services (2001). Conceptual Design Report for Stormwater Pollution Abatement at Blackwattle Bay.
...
Dams and
Civil, Rozelle Bay, New South Wales.
Civil, Rozelle Bay, New South Wales.
...
New South Wales Environmental Protection Authority (NSW EPA) (2000). Unpublished costing data for structural stormwater quality BMPs derived from NSW local
governments.
governments.
...
Dated February 2000. NSW EPA, Sydney, New South Wales.
...
Newcastle City Council (2002). Newcastle City Council final report to the NSW Stormwater Trust. Data provided in ‘Low Impact Water Management in New
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...
.
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...
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...
...
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WBM Oceanics (2003). Stormwater Treatment Framework and Stormwater Quality Improvement Device Guidelines - Exhibition Draft - Version 3.
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Not seen, cited in
URS (2003).Weber, T. (2001) & (2002). Tony Weber, Senior Waterways Program Officer (Water Quality), Brisbane City Council, Queensland, personal communication.
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...
[1]
...
Note that true life cycle costing in accordance with the relevant Australian Standard (Standards Australia, 1999) considers more than just construction/purchase
cost and typical annual maintenance cost. For more information see Taylor (2003). Also, these approximate costs will vary with time and location. For up-to-date costs
of proprietary units, contact the GPT supplier.
[2]
cost and typical annual maintenance cost. For more information see Taylor (2003). Also, these approximate costs will vary with time and location. For up-to-date costs
of proprietary units, contact the GPT supplier.
[2]
...
That is, a sediment basin with a trash rack
...