Versions Compared

Old Version 10

changes.mady.by.user teamcity (Deactivated)

Saved on

compared with

New Version Current

changes.mady.by.user Usman Khalil

Saved on

Key

  • This line was added.
  • This line was removed.
  • Formatting was changed.

...

  • Trash racks (n = 17): average capital cost ≈ $966/ha; average annual maintenance cost ≈ $2,346; and average annual maintenance cost per ha ≈ $39.
  •  Large trash baskets (0.5 m3 m3 capacity) (n = 9): average capital cost ≈ $2,117/ha; average annual maintenance cost ≈ $708; and average annual maintenance cost per ha ≈ $42.
  •  Proprietary in-ground devices (n = 19), not including SEPTs: average capital cost ≈ $6,122/ha; average annual maintenance cost ≈ $765; and average annual maintenance cost per ha ≈ $156.

...

Walsh (2001) reported that the typical capital cost in Melbourne for vortex type in-ground GPTs that are operated by local government authorities was $100,000 per m3m3/sec (when the flow is at its peak treatment rate).

...

Melbourne Water (2003a) has a basic construction cost estimation model for large greenfield wetlands in Melbourne.  It It allows for typical site characteristics to be used as factors that determine overall construction cost.  The The cost relationships appear to be based on a limited data set (i.e. tender information for ~8 BMPs).

...

Fletcher et al. (2005) suggested that the construction cost of an infiltration trench is ~$60-80/m3 m3 of trench (assuming the trench is 1 m wide and 1 m deep).

...

Beecham (2002) estimated vegetated swale maintenance costs for Sydney conditions as $3.13/m2, based on the following unit rates: $1.62/100m2 for mowing (required 2 - 3 times a year), $16.20/100m2 for general grass care, $0.95/m2 for litter removal, $0.65/m2 for reseeding and fertilisation (1% of the total area is revegetated per year), and $1.35/m2 for m2 for annual inspections and administration.

A unit cost of $100 per linear metre was used for the construction of a road-side grassed swale during a desk-top water sensitive urban design project in the Snowy Monaro region (Lane, 2004).  Roadside Roadside swales are typically 3m wide.

...

Leinster (2004) reported the following construction costs associated with bioretention systems in greenfield developments within South East Queensland:

  • Bioretention systems greater than 100m
  • Bioretention systems less than 100m
  • Swale bioretention systems: $100 - 120/linear metre including vegetation (for this system the filter zone has a width of 1 m and the swale has a top width of 3-4 m).

The Centre for Watershed Protection (CWP, 1998) and US EPA (2001) reported the typical annual maintenance cost ≈ 5-7% of the construction cost.

...

Table 1. Cost estimates associated with aquaplate above ground tanks
ItemApproximate cost for each tank size (in $2001)
5kL10kL15kL
Aquaplate rainwater tank5408701200
Pump + pressure controller200 + 160200 + 160200 + 160
Plumber and fittings500500500
Float system100100100
Concrete base200200200
GST (10%)170200240
Total (incl. GST)$1,910$2,230$2,600
In addition, SIA (2004) reported that:
  •  pumps typically have a 10 year life span; and
  • the operating and maintenance cost of pumps are approximately $0.1 per kL of rainwater consumed. (Note that a typical family home may use ~20 kL/year of water for toilet flushing.)
Boubli and Kassim (2003) reported the following cost estimates for supply and installation of above and below ground rainwater tanks or a single installation in Sydney (shown in Table 2):
Table 2. Cost estimates for supply and installation of above and below ground rainwater tanks or a single installation in Sydney

 


Tank sizeTank typeTank shapeApproximate tank supply cost
1.5kLGalvanised steel, aboveground

Round

Rectangular / ovular

$2,470

$2,870

...


Colorbond finish with a polymer type liner, aboveground

Round

Rectangular / ovular

$2,570

$2,970

3kLGalvanised steel, aboveground

Round

Rectangular / ovular

$2,970

$3,470

...


Colorbond finish with a polymer type liner, aboveground

Round

Rectangular / ovular

$3,320

$3,820

5kLGalvanised steel, aboveground

Round

Rectangular / ovular

$3,170

$4,280

...


Colorbond finish with a polymer type liner, aboveground

Round

Rectangular / ovular

$3,620

$4,600

9kLGalvanised steel, abovegroundRound$3670

...


Colorbond finish with a polymer type liner, abovegroundRound$4,120
5kLBelow ground (Rocla Eco Rain)-$7,800 (plus $800 for reticulation to toilets)
10kLBelow ground (Rocla Eco Rain)-$11,050 (plus $1,050 for reticulation to toilets)

 


Indicative prices for polyethylene (plastic) rainwater tanks are summarised in Table 3 (Irrigation Warehouse, 2005). These prices include GST, typically include delivery and are relevant to New South Wales, Victoria, southern Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory.
Table 3. Prices for polyethylene (plastic) rainwater tanks
Tank size (L)Tank typeApproximate tank supply cost ($)

509

Slim line (aboveground)

$491

700

Tall round (aboveground)

$418

720

Slim (aboveground)

$501

758

Round (aboveground)

$511

1,074

Slim (aboveground)

$766

1,179

Round (aboveground)

$521

1,250

Round (aboveground)

$550

1,400

Tall slim (aboveground)

$792

1,615

Round (aboveground)

$551

1,800

Under house (aboveground)

$1,122

2,100

Tall slim (aboveground)

$1,144

2,281

Slim (aboveground)

$1,271

2,499

Squat (aboveground)

$601

2,500

Round (aboveground)

$682

2,500

Twin under-deck (aboveground)

$1,122

2,542

Tall (aboveground)

$601

2,800

Tall slim (aboveground)

$1,496

3,600

Twin rectangular under house (aboveground)

$2,244

4,125

Squat (aboveground)

$901

4,885

Medium round (aboveground)

$901

5,000

Round (aboveground)

$968

9,000

RT poly tank (aboveground)

$1,595

9,609

Large squat (aboveground)

$1,850

10,478

Large tall (aboveground)

$1,500

10,500

RT poly tank (aboveground)

$1,705

13,500

RT poly tank (aboveground)

$2,024

15,064

Large (aboveground)

$1,850

22,500

Low profile (aboveground)

$2,376

22,500

RT poly tank (aboveground)

$2,640

24,180

Large tall (aboveground)

$2,551

25,090

Large low profile (aboveground)

$2,551

29,560

Very large (aboveground)

$2,950

38,334

Very large (aboveground)

$4,170

47,950Monster (aboveground)$5,152

Grant and Hallmann (2003) estimated the costs associated with a 2,250 litre plastic tank with a life span of 30 years as: $510 purchase; $38.50 (delivery); $270 (for plumbing costs that allow toilet flushing and garden watering to use tank water); $350 (for the pump); $100 (electrician costs).  They also assumed the pump would last for 15 years, and the cost of running the pump (in Melbourne) was estimated to be $0.1368/kwh.  

Additional costs and Cost break-downs 

Melbourne Water (2003a) add 15% to estimated greenfield construction costs for "engineering fees" and 20% for "contingencies". 
Brisbane City Council (2003) used the following assumption to break down total BMP construction costs where itemised costs were not available: 10% for design, 85% for construction and 5% for management costs. 
Choi and Engel (2003) estimated that design costs for structural BMPs typically account for 30% of construction costs. 
The Washington State Department of Transportation (2002) add 25% onto estimated BMP construction costs for "contingency" costs, 30% for "engineering services and permitting fees", and 10% for "mobilisation and demobilisation of equipment".  

References 

Barter, S. (2004). Senior Project Officer - Stormwater, Department of Environment and Conservation New South Wales, personal communication.

...

Beecham, S. (2002). Development of Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) Concepts for Model Farms High School.

...

Not seen, cited in URS (2003).

...

Boral (2003). Costing data for porous paving in NSW. Data provided in ‘Low Impact Water Management in New Developments - How Much Does WSUD Really Cost?
Booklet 1: Project Cost Summaries and Workshop Information’ (Gibbs, S., Ed.). Booklet for the ‘How Much Does WSUD Really Cost?" workshop in Newcastle, 1 July
2003. Lower Hunter and Central Coast Regional Environmental Management Strategy, Newcastle, New South Wales.

...

Boubli, D. and Kassim, F. (2003). Comparison of Construction Costs for Water Sensitive Urban Design and Conventional Stormwater Design. Technical paper.

...


...

Brisbane City Council (2003). Unpublished cost estimates supplied by Emma Slack-Smith, Environmental Scientist, Brisbane, Queensland, personal communication.

...

Bryant, M. (2003). Senior Landscape Architect, Department of Public Works and Services, New South Wales, personal communication. Data provided in ‘Low Impact Water Management in New Developments - How Much Does WSUD Really Cost? Booklet 1: Project Cost Summaries and Workshop Information’ (Gibbs, S., Ed.).
Booklet for the ‘How Much Does WSUD Really Cost?" workshop in Newcastle, 1 July 2003. Lower Hunter and Central Coast Regional Environmental Management
Strategy, Newcastle, New South Wales.

...

Cardno BLH (2002). Costing data for rainwater tanks.

...

Data provided in ‘Low Impact Water Management in New Developments - How Much Does WSUD Really
Cost? Booklet 1: Project Cost Summaries and Workshop Information’ (Gibbs, S., Ed.). Booklet for the ‘How Much Does WSUD Really Cost?" workshop in Newcastle,
1 July 2003. Lower Hunter and Central Coast Regional Environmental Management Strategy, Newcastle, New South Wales.

...

Centre for Watershed Protection (CWP) (1998). Costs and Benefits of Storm Water BMPs: Final Report 9/14/98. Centre for Watershed Protection, Ellicott City, Maryland; not seen, cited in US EPA (2001).

...

Choi, J.Y. and Engel, B.A. (2003). Cost Analysis System for Urban Storm Water BMPs (CASUB).

...


Coombes, P. (2002). Practice Note No. 4 - Rainwater Tanks. Lower Hunter and Central Coast Regional Environmental Management Strategy, Newcastle, New South
Wales.

...

Earth Tech Engineering Pty Ltd (2003). Unpublished cost estimate supplied by Lisa Stevens, Engineering Designer, Shepparton, Victoria, personal communication.

...

Fletcher, T., Duncan, H., Lloyd, S, and Poelsma, P. (2005). Stormwater Flow and Quality and the Effectiveness of Non-proprietary Stormwater Treatment Measures.
Technical Report 04/8. Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology, Melbourne, Victoria.

...

Gardner, T. (2004).

...

Principal Scientist - Water Cycle Sciences, Department of Natural Resources, Queensland, personal communication.

...

Gardner, T., Millar, G. and Hyde, R. (2003). ‘The Healthy Homeâ - A Step Towards Sustainable Suburbs’.

...

Proceedings of the Second National Water Recycling
Conference. Brisbane, September 2003.

...

Gibbs, S. (2003). Low Impact Water Management in New Developments - How Much Does WSUD Really Cost? Booklet 1: Project Cost Summaries and Workshop
Information. Booklet for the ‘How Much Does WSUD Really Cost?" workshop in Newcastle, 1 July 2003. Lower Hunter and Central Coast Regional Environmental
Management Strategy, Newcastle, New South Wales.

...

Grant, T. and Hallmann, M. (2003). ‘Urban Domestic Water Tanks: Life Cycle Assessment’. Water, August 2003, pp. 22-27.

...

Hornsby Shire Council (2002). The Catchment Remediation Capital Works Program - Annual Report 2001 - 2002. Hornsby Shire Council, Hornsby, New South Wales.

...

Hunter, G. (2003). Engineering Coordinator - Stormwater, Penrith City Council, New South Wales, personal communication.

...

Data provided as part of the CRC’s BMP
costing survey of Australian stormwater managers.

...

Institute for Sustainable Futures (2002). Kogarah Town Square Water Management - An Evaluation of Costs and Benefits. Report prepared for Kogarah Municipal
Council.

...

Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales.

...

Irrigation Warehouse (2005). Web site for water tanks models and prices. Available at:https://www.irrigationwarehouse.com.au/

...

(September 2024).

...

Kuczera G. and Coombes, P. (2001). A System Perspective of the Urban Water Cycle: New Insights, New Opportunities. Paper presented at the Stormwater Industry
Association 2001 Regional Conference. Port Stephens, New South Wales, 26-28 April 2001.

...

Lane, H. (2004). ‘Water Sensitive Urban Design in the Snowy Monaro Region’. Proceedings of the SIA 2004 Regional Conference: Use It or Lose It - It Makes Sense.
Shoalhaven, New South Wales.

...

Leinster, S. (2004). Shaun Leinster, Senior Engineer, Ecological Engineering Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, personal communication.

...

Lloyd, S.D., Wong, T.H.F, and Chesterfield, C.J. (2002).

...

Water Sensitive Urban Design - A Stormwater Management Perspective. Industry Report No. 02/10.
Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology, Melbourne, Victoria. Referenced heavily in Fletcher et al. (2005).

...

Melbourne Water (2003a). Unpublished cost estimation model for large greenfield wetlands funded by Melbourne Water.

...

Melbourne Water, Melbourne, Victoria.

...

Melbourne Water (2003b). Rainwater Tanks > Maintenance and Costs. Web page within the ‘Integrated Water Cycle Tools’ web site.

...

Available at:
http://wsud.melbournewater.com.au/content/integrated/raintanks+3.htm (September 2003).

...

New South Wales Department of Public Works and Services (2001). Conceptual Design Report for Stormwater Pollution Abatement at Blackwattle Bay.

...

Dams and
Civil, Rozelle Bay, New South Wales.

...

New South Wales Environmental Protection Authority (NSW EPA) (2000). Unpublished costing data for structural stormwater quality BMPs derived from NSW local
governments.

...

Dated February 2000. NSW EPA, Sydney, New South Wales.

...

Newcastle City Council (2002). Newcastle City Council final report to the NSW Stormwater Trust. Data provided in ‘Low Impact Water Management in New
Developments - How Much Does WSUD Really Cost? Booklet 1: Project Cost Summaries and Workshop Information’ (Gibbs, S., Ed.). Booklet for the ‘How Much
Does WSUD Really Cost?" workshop in Newcastle, 1 July 2003. Lower Hunter and Central Coast Regional Environmental Management Strategy, Newcastle, New
South Wales.

...

Standards Australia (1999). AS/NZS 4536:1999 Life cycle Costing - An Application Guide. Standards Australia, Homebush, NSW.
 Stormwater Industry Association (SIA) (2004). Water Tank Savings. Available at: www.stormwater.asn.au/tanks/tanksavings.htmlrl (August 2004).

...

Taylor, A.C. (2003). An Introduction to Life cycle Costing Involving Structural Stormwater Quality Management Measures. Technical Paper. Cooperative Research
Centre for Catchment Hydrology, Melbourne, Victoria. Available at: https://www.

...

ewater.org.au

...

/archive/crcch/archive/pubs/pdfs/intro_lifecycle_costing.pdf (September
2024).

...

Taylor, A.C. and Wong, T.H.F. (2002). Non-structural Stormwater Quality Best Management Practices - A Literature Review of Their Value and Life cycle Costs.
Technical Report 02/13, Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology, Melbourne, Victoria. Available at:

...


https://ewater.org.au

...

/archive/crcch/archive/pubs/pdfs/technical200211.pdf (September 2024).

...

United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (2001). National Menu of Best Management Practices for Storm Water Phase II. United States
Environmental Protection Agency on-line guideline: www.epa.gov/npdes/menuofbmps/menu.htm (August 2004).

...

URS (2003). Water Sensitive Urban Design Technical Guidelines for Western Sydney. Draft report prepared for the Upper Parramatta River Catchment Trust, Sydney,
New South Wales.

...

Walsh, G. (2001). Gary Walsh, Senior Engineer, Melbourne Water, Victoria, personal communication. Cited in Taylor and Wong (2002).

...

Washington State Department of Transportation (2002). Stormwater Management for Highway Improvement Projects in Western Washington. Washington State
Department of Transportation, Washington.

...

WBM Oceanics (2003). Stormwater Treatment Framework and Stormwater Quality Improvement Device Guidelines - Exhibition Draft - Version 3.

...

Not seen, cited in
URS (2003).Weber, T. (2001) & (2002). Tony Weber, Senior Waterways Program Officer (Water Quality), Brisbane City Council, Queensland, personal communication.
Cited in Taylor and Wong (2002).

...

[1]

...

Note that true life cycle costing in accordance with the relevant Australian Standard (Standards Australia, 1999) considers more than just construction/purchase
cost and typical annual maintenance cost. For more information see Taylor (2003). Also, these approximate costs will vary with time and location. For up-to-date costs
of proprietary units, contact the GPT supplier.
[2]

...

That is, a sediment basin with a trash rack

...