Wetland functionality is provided in Source to allow modelling of quasi-two-dimensional situations where flow is governed by hydraulic considerations. Wetlands that may be modelled include both simple wetlands consisting of a single water body, and more complex systems such as Hattah Lakes, which consist of several interconnected wetlands.
Key modelling features provided are:
- Hydrological behaviour of perennial or ephemeral water bodies in a wetland. This includes the interaction between storage volume, groundwater seepage, rainfall, evaporation, inflow and outflow. This is modelled using the Storage node.
- Connections within the wetland, and between the wetland and other parts of a river system. This includes inlets to and outlets from water bodies that can either be controlled (regulated) or uncontrolled (unregulated). In cases where flow is governed by head difference or may be in either direction, connections between water bodies are modelled via the Wetland Link. The Hydraulic Connector is used to model situations where the flow into or out of a wetland link is too small to have a material effect on the water level in the river. The Storage node is used when a water body, such as a lake or weir, is part of a wetland system.
- Conservative constituents. When this modelling option is enabled for a scenario, the movement of conservative constituents such as salt can be tracked through a wetland.
- Demand. Wetlands may have ecological, recreational, cultural or consumptive requirements. All demands, including those for wetlands, are modelled via a combination of a Water User node with the appropriate demand model, and Supply Point node(s) that associate water user demand with a physical source of supply.
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| Note: Groundwater fluxes are not considered in the wetlands hydraulic solution as these have negligible effects on the outcome. |
Scale
On a spatial scale, wetland functionality may apply to a single water body, or a complex system of interconnected wetlands (each made up of one or more water bodies). Every water body and connection may be modelled. Flow of water, its ownership (if relevant) and constituents through a wetland is calculated and reported at every model time-step.
Principal developer
This version of Wetland modelling has been developed by eWater CRC for Source.
Scientific provenance
The approach to wetland modelling used in Source is the Cells Model. The Cells Model was used in the formulation of the first Mekong model (Zanobetti et al 1970). This approach is employed by IQQM, which has been used in Australia for many years.
Version
Source 24.191.1
Dependencies
None. A wetland exists in a Source scenario once a Storage node is created.
Assumptions
The following assumptions and constraints apply:
- A uniform water level (ie. level pool) is assumed across each storage compartment
- The variation of water level and flow is assumed to be slow enough that the hydraulic conveyance can be estimated based on a quasi-steady-state assumption.
- The response of a wetland is slow enough that all groundwater, management and ecological responses can be made based on information of the last time-step.
- Daily or sub-daily time-step is small enough for the quasi-steady-state hydraulic response.
Wetland clusters and the "Cells model"
The group of nodes and links that represent a wetland in Source are referred to as a "wetland cluster". These can be Storage nodes, Wetland links and Hydraulic connector Connector nodes.
Figure 1 illustrates some types of wetland that may be represented in Source by nodes in a wetland cluster:
- A wetland without river flow (green box). Examples include upland swamps, or spring fed wetlands on a floodplain.
- A wetland with a single water body (purple box). Examples include billabongs and oxbow lakes.
- A complex wetland with multiple water bodies (pink grey box). There are multiple paths of river flow through this type of wetland. Examples include the Macquarie . MarshesMarshes, Hattah Lakes and Menindee Lakes.
Boundary conditions in the Source model shown in Figure 1 occur whenever the clusters (boxes) intersect with a non-Wetland link (dashed line).
Figure 1. Example wetland clusters
Cells model
In Source each wetland cluster in a scenario is treated as a modelling unit, which is processed using a Cells Model. In this type of model, a wetland consists of a number of storage cells with the movement of water between them described by a set of functions (that are specified by the modeller) and boundary conditions. The main elements of the cells model and the Source components that are used to represent them are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Cells model vs Source components
Cells Model | Source Component |
|---|---|
Boundary condition | Wetlands Hydraulic |
Connector node, Storage node inlet or outlet | |
Connector | Wetland link |
Cell | Storage node |
Water surface elevation (WSE or "Reduced level")
The Cells Model approach assumes that the movement of water within a wetland is related to the head difference between the water bodies that make up the wetland. To enable this in Source, the water surface elevation (WSE) is determined for nodes in a wetland cluster.
Wetlands Hydraulic
connectorsConnector nodes and boundary conditions
Boundary conditions are points at which water can flow in to or out of a wetland. In Source, these points are at either a hydraulic connector Wetlands Hydraulic Connector node or a storage Storage node’s inlet or outlet link (Figure 1). The hydraulic connector Wetlands Hydraulic Connector node is used to represent situations where a wetland interacts with a river reach and the inflows and outflows are too small to have an effect on the water surface elevation in the river.
Figure 2 shows a representation of this type of wetland in Source, where the wetland’s boundary is modelled at the Wetlands Hydraulic Connector node.
Figure 2. Wetland boundary at an hydraulic connector
If the outlet of a storage Storage node in a wetland cluster is connected to a conventional link then that storage is a boundary of the wetland cluster. Examples in the Murray include:
- Lock 3, which could be modelled as a storage Storage node at a boundary of a wetland system that includes Lake Bonney, and;
- Euston Weir, modelled as a storage Storage node at a boundary of the Euston Lakes wetland system.
Figure 3 shows a representation of this type of wetland in Source, where the wetland boundary is modelled at the Storage node’s outlet.
Figure 3. Wetland boundary at an on-river storage/weir
The rules governing outflow from a boundary depend on the type of node:
Wetlands Hydraulic Connector Nodesnodes:
- Mass balance: Downstream flow is the difference between upstream inflow and total flow in connected wetland links.
- Flow in each connected wetland link is a function of water surface elevation (WSE) at the hydraulic connector node and the node at the other end of the link. See the Wetland Links (Connectors) section for more information.
- The modeller specifies a relationship between upstream inflow and WSE at the hydraulic connector node.
Storage Nodesnodes:
- If the storage node is a weir, and this is within its target operating range, releases are set so that the storage remains at the same volume where possible.
- When there is a spillway, there is a minimum volume "spilled". This amount varies with water surface elevation.
- The release from a storage is determined by the volume ordered, and is limited by outlet capacity (which varies with water surface elevation). It also takes into account spill.
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In a Cells Model, connectors allow water to move between cells. In Source, connectors are represented by the wetland link. Flow rate in a connector can be described as a function of water surface elevation (WSE) at each end of the link:
| Equation 1 |
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where:
fQc is a function that returns flow rate along connector c.
Qc is the flow rate along connector c. A positive value indicates a flow from WSE1 to WSE2.
WSE1 and WSE2 are the water surface elevations at each end of connector c.
Flow in a wetland link can be in either direction (unless the modeller specifies otherwise). The default flow direction is set when the modeller selects one node before the other when creating the wetland link. It is indicated by the direction of the arrow on the link in the Schematic Editor. Flow that moves in the default direction is represented by a positive number, while flow in the other direction is represented by a negative number.
Channel
Currently Source has only one type of wetland link function implemented to represent a channel. The specific form of wetland link flow function for a channel implemented in Source is:
| Equation 2 |
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where:
Qc is the wetland link’s flow rate (m3/s).
c is "C() is the modified conveyance "relationship, this is the hydraulic conveyance divided by the square root of the channel length (m2.5/s).
ΔWSE is the difference drop (m) in surface water elevations at each end of along the channel.
In cases where ΔWSE<0.01m, the flow function is adjusted to prevent computational issues due to an infinite slope of the curve at the point where ΔWSE approaches zero. This adjusted function is:
Equation 3 |
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The value for hydraulic conveyance will vary according to where it is calculated. To model this, a piecewise relationship between modified conveyance c and water surface elevation (sometimes referred to as reduced level) is configured using the wetland link’s feature editor. The WSEc at the point at which the modified conveyance is calculated is estimated as:
| Equation 4 |
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where:
WSE1 , WSE2 are is the water surface elevation at each end of the channel. In Source, these values are calculated at the nodes at each end of the wetland link.the originating node
WSE2 is the water surface elevation at the destination node
weighting is a " spatial weighting factor " configured by the modeller in the wetland link’s feature editor. It represents a point in the channel at which conveyance is measuredis specified in relationship to the from end of the link.
Source interpolates between points in the defined Modified modified conveyance versus Water water surface elevation relationship to find the value of c that C that corresponds to WSEc. The originating and destination nodes are defined by the modeller by which direction they drag the wetland link into their system and is shown as an arrow on the link.
Regulated channel
Source models regulated flows in wetland links by allowing the modeller to specify a target flow rate. This limits the rate of flow on the wetland link to the target value. It is assumed that regulated flow has a specific direction, ie. if a positive target flow rate is configured, Source will not permit flow in the opposite direction on the wetland link (ie. the value will be set to zero if the flow calculation returns a negative value, and vice versa). The following calculations adjust the channel flow rate to implement the regulated channel.
Where target flow rate Qtarget ≥ 0
| Equation 5 |
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Where target flow rate Qtarget < 0
| Equation 6 |
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Storage
Nodesnodes (Cells)
In Source, storage nodes are used to represent the "cells" or wetland compartments in which water can be stored. A storage node has a relationship between water surface elevation and surface area that can be used to represent the spatial distribution of water in a wetland. Another function relates its water surface elevation WSEws to the volume of water stored:
| Equation 7 |
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| Equation 8 |
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where:
Aws is the surface are area of storage node ws.
Sws is the volume stored in storage node ws.
fAws is a function that relates surface area to water surface elevation of the storage node ws.
fSws is a function that relates storage volume to water surface elevation of the storage node ws.
WSEws is the water surface elevation of storage node ws.
The functions above are based on relationships configured by the modeller in the Storage node Dimensions table (in the Storage node's Feature Editor). The Level parameter found in this table is translated into WSE by addition of the base node's Elevation parameter (currently to be found in the storage node’s tool tip in the Schematic Editor, or its Location Controlset in the same dialog).
Mass balance equations are used to model the behaviour of a storage node as a cell within a wetland cluster’s cells model. As an implicit Eulerian numerical scheme is used, for each storage node the mass balance over an arbitrary time period is:
| Equation 9 |
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or
| Equation 10 |
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where:
S1ws is the volume of water stored in storage node ws at the start of the period
S2ws is the volume of water stored in storage node ws at the end of the period
Inws is the volume that flowed into storage node ws over the period
Outws is the volume that flowed out of storage node ws over the period.
The storage node’s WSE is an input parameter to its cells model calculations (the process by which this is ascertained is described later starting at Model Initialisation). Elements of each storage node’s mass balance equation are calculated as follows:
End of time-step storage volume S2ws is determined using the function described above that relates this attribute to WSE.
Volume of inflow to the storage node:
| Equation 11 |
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where:
Iws is the volume of upstream inflow entering storage node ws from outside the wetland cluster (ie. via its inlet link).
Groundwaterws(Levelws) is the groundwater flow volume over the time-step in storage node ws. The relationship between groundwater and level is defined in the Seepage table, configured by the modeller on the storage node. WSE is converted to Level by subtracting the base Elevation.
NetEvaporationws is the net evaporation flow volume for the time-step in storage node ws. This is a combination of the Rainfall and Evaporation functions configured by the modeller on the storage node. These would usually have surface area Aws as a parameter.
WetlandFlowws is the total flow volume over the time-step on wetland links connected to storage node ws. See the Wetland Links (Connectors) section.
Volume of downstream outflow from the storage node (leaving the wetland cluster): This calculation depends on whether the storage node represents a weir, and if so, where the weir’s WSE is in relation to its operating range:
- Weir: If WSEws ≤ minimum target WSE, downstream outflow is zero.
- Weir: If WSEws ≥ maximum target WSE, downstream outflow is set to the same volume maximum of the orders and volume as upstream inflow (entering the node via the inlet link).
Where the storage node is not a weir, or the weir’s WSEws is within its target range:
| Equation 12 |
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where:
dt is the length of the time-step.
fomax() is the outlet path capacity relationship that relates the storage node’s WSE to the maximum flow rate that can be made through the outlet path. Note that this capacity includes a spill rate that is also determined by WSE.
fSpillo() is the spillway relationship for outlet path o that relates the storage node’s WSE to the flow rate leaving the storage node over the spillway.
nows is the number of outlet paths from storage node ws.
o is a storage node outlet path.
Ordero is the flow rate ordered to go down outlet path o.
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Orders can be placed on behalf of a wetland. This may be modelled in Source by connecting a water user node with an in-stream demand model to a supply point node upstream of the wetland cluster for which the water is to be ordered, and using "target flow" expressions functions on the wetland links to move the water into the wetland once it arrives.
The order processing for both the above configurations is described in the Scientific Reference Guide entries for the water user node, supply point node and ordering system.
Storage nodes on the boundary of a wetland cluster may also be used to supply downstream orders. The interaction of the storage node and ordering system are described under Scientific Reference Guide entries for these items.
Conservative constituents in wetlands
Source treats all water bodies modelled using the storage node as fully mixed. This is discussed in more detail in the Scientific Reference Guide entry on the Storage node. Conservative constituent modelling in wetland links is not yet implemented.
Model Initialisation
At the start of the scenario run, the schematic network analyser works from upstream to downstream to identify the nodes and links that make up each wetland cluster (representing a wetland). The following rules are used:
- Node types that may belong to a wetland cluster include the hydraulic connector and the storage node. A node is a part of a wetland cluster only if it has a wetland link connected to it.
- Each node can only belong to one wetland cluster.
- If a node has not been assigned to a cluster yet, and is connected via a wetland link to another node that has been assigned, it is assigned to the same cluster as that node.
Source keeps track of the number of nodes that are in each wetland cluster, referred to as NodesInCluster.
Flow phase
When the schematic network analyser encounters a node in a wetland cluster during the flow phase, it processes the cluster together as a unit before running the model for individual nodes and links that make up the cluster. The component that performs the cluster’s Cells Model processing will be referred to here as the "cluster processor".
Cluster processing results in an estimate of the water surface elevation in each storage node and the direction and rate of flow in each wetland link. The model that is later run for each individual storage node determines the node’s final water surface elevation for the time-step. The storage node model is described in the Scientific Reference Guide entry for the Storage node.
As the order of execution of model components cannot be specified, the cluster processor may need to process storage and hydraulic connector nodes for which the current time-step’s inflow rate has not yet been calculated. In these cases, the previous time-step’s inflow values are used.
Flow phase processing of each wetland cluster will only occur once in every time-step, no matter how many connections there are between wetlands or rivers modelled.
The cluster processor uses an iterative method to find and return a set of water surface elevations that satisfy the mass balance equation for every one of its storage nodes. The initial iteration uses the following initial values for WSE:
- Hydraulic connector nodes: The Reduced Level value for the current rate of inflow in the piecewise relationship between Average Inflow and Reduced Level specified by the modeller.
- Storage nodes: The WSE at the end of the previous time-step.
At each subsequent iteration a new set of trial values is created and fed into storage node mass balance equations. This involves the following steps:
- The trial WSEs are used to determine flow rate and direction in the cluster’s wetland links as described under Wetland Links (Connectors).
- The mass balance equation is evaluated for every storage node in the cluster. This equation is described under Storage Nodes (Cells).
- The precision of the solution is determined and compared to the cluster’s convergence limit.
- Precision is calculated as the root mean square of storage node mass balance volumes:
| Equation 13 |
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where:
ws is a storage node in the wetland cluster
MassBalancews is the result of the mass balance equation for storage node ws.
nws is the number of storage nodes in the wetland cluster
The wetland cluster’s convergence limit is calculated based on the scenario’s wetland node convergence limit that was specified by the modeller. The specified value is squared to ensure it is positive:
| Equation 14 |
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Precision is compared to the cluster’s convergence limit to determine whether a solution was found:
- If the Precision2 x n < ClusterConvergenceLimit, or the maximum number of iterations has been reached, the process of solving the cluster is finished.
- If the Precision2 x n ≥ ClusterConvergenceLimit the Precision ≥ ClusterConvergenceLimit and more iterations are allowed, parameters for each storage node in the cluster are adjusted ready for the next iteration:
- The mass balance error is subtracted from the end of time-step storage volume estimate
- The corresponding WSE for the adjusted storage volume is determined using the Storage Dimensions relationship (between storage volume and level).
The solution technique implemented in Source allows other types of node to be used within wetland clusters that like the hydraulic connector node have a WSE that is not impacted by wetland link flow. At present this functionality is not used as the only types of node that may be connected by wetland links are storage nodes and hydraulic connector nodes. |
Input data
All input data is configured via user interfaces. The parameters are summarised in the following tables:
Table 2. Wetland Configuration parameters
Parameter | Description | Units | Default | Range |
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Max iterations | The maximum number of sets of node WSEs (trial solutions) to examine for a wetland cluster in finding an acceptable one, ie. where Precision ≤ Convergence Limit. Equation |
13 of the Flow phase section describes this further. On rare occasions this number will be exceeded by up to 2. | n/a | 5 | Integer > 0 |
Convergence limit | The upper threshold on error per node for an acceptable wetland cluster solution. At each solution iteration of a wetland cluster’s Cells Model, its Precision is compared to the |
Convergence Limit |
volume
1
Real number > 0
Log diagnostics
Indicates whether to create a log of information to diagnose Cells Model processing. Mainly for use when there is no "solution" found for wetland cluster(s).
n/a
No
to determine whether it is acceptable (and hence the final one). | volume | 1 | Real number > 0 |
These parameters are accessed via the scenario Edit menu, and apply to all wetland clusters in the scenario.
If log diagnostics are required, there are also parameters that determine the location of the log file, the time-steps to be logged, and whether to only log those in which no acceptable Cells Model solution could be found. These parameters are described in more detail in the Source User Guide.
Table
553. Location Control parameters
Parameter | Description | Units | Default | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Elevation | Base elevation of the currently selected node. | m | 0 | Real numbers |
Note that this information is also available in the Schematic Editor on the node’s tool tip.
Table
564. Hydraulic Connector node parameters (average inflow vs WSE)
Parameter | Description | Units | Default | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Average inflow rate | Average inflow rate associated with the WSE | ML/day | 0 | Real numbers ≥ 0 |
Water surface elevation (WSE) | WSE for an average inflow rate | m | 0 | Real numbers |
Table
575. Wetland link parameters
Parameter | Description | Units | Default | Range |
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From | Name of the node connected to the link from which outflow is given a positive value and inflow a negative value. | n/a | First node connected | Node names |
To | Name of the other node connected to the link from which outflow is given a negative value and inflow a positive value. | n/a | Second node connected | Node names |
Flow direction | Indicates whether flow can move in both directions | n/a | Bi-directional | Bidirectional or Unidirectional |
Weighting | Represents the point at which conveyance is calculated. Determines the influence of each end of the link’s WSE on conveyance. A value of 0.5 gives each end equal weighting. | n/a | 0.5 | Real numbers between 0 and 1 |
Modified Conveyance vs Water Surface Elevation (or Reduced Level) Table | ||||
Modified conveyance | Modified conveyance for a water surface elevation | m2.5/s | 0 | Real numbers ≥ 0 |
Water surface elevation (WSE) | WSE for a modified conveyance | Elevation (m) | 0 | Real numbers |
Flow Regulation Parameters | ||||
Flow Regulated? | Indicates whether the link is regulated. | n/a | No | Yes or No |
Target flow | Value returned by the selected time series, | |||
function or scenario. It represents a maximum flow rate permitted on the link. Also controls flow direction. |
Refer to the section on Regulated channel | Volume/time | none | Real numbers |
Table
586. Storage node parameters
Parameter | Description | Units | Default | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Storage Dimensions Table: This describes a relationship between the storage’s Level, Volume and Surface Area | ||||
Level | Maximum depth of water in the storage | m | Row 1: 0 | Real numbers ≥ 0 |
Volume | Volume of water stored in the storage | ML | Row 1: 0 | Real numbers ≥ 0 |
Surface area | Surface area of water in the storage. | Ha | Row 1: 0 | Real numbers ≥ 0 |
Storage Details | ||||
Initial storage level | Initial depth of water in the storage. | Volume: Default m | 100 | Real numbers ≥ 0 |
Minimum operating level | Minimum depth of water to operate the storage at. Below this level no releases are made. | Volume: Default m | None | Real numbers ≥ 0 |
Maximum operating level | Maximum depth of water to be kept in storage. Releases are made to attempt to ensure this depth is not exceeded. | Volume: Default m | None | Real numbers ≥ 0 |
Rainfall and Evaporation: Used to calculate NetEvaporationws | ||||
Rainfall | Value returned by the selected time series, | |||
function or scenario. Used to represent storage inflow/gain due to rain falling on the surface of the water stored. | distance/time: Default mm/day | 0 | Real numbers |
Evaporation | Value returned by the selected time series, |
function or scenario. Used to represent storage outflow/loss due to evaporation from the surface of the water stored. | distance/time: Default mm/day | 0 | Real numbers | |
Seepage Table: Used to calculate Groundwaterws | ||||
Level | Depth of water in storage associated with the rate of seepage. | Distance: | Row 1: 0 | Real numbers ≥ 0 |
Seepage | Rate of seepage associated with a depth of water in storage. | Volume/time: | Row 1: 0 | Real numbers |
Outlet Level versus Discharge Tables: Used to calculate fSpillo(WSEws) and fomax(WSEws) | ||||
Level | Depth of water in storage associated with a discharge rate. | m | Row 1: 0 | Real numbers ≥ 0 |
Discharge | Discharge rate for a depth of water in storage. | ML/day | Row 1: 0 | Real numbers |
Use of these parameters is described in Storage Nodes (Cells). For a full list of Storage Node parameters, see the Source User Guide.
Output data
Output data is viewed using the Recording Manager. The recorded attribute values (results) are reported for each time-step of the model run. Result Results relevant to wetland Cells Model processing are summarised in the following tables:
Table
597. Wetland cluster (Cluster solver) attributes
Attribute | Description | Units | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
Iterations | Number of solutions (sets of storage node WSE) that were tried for the time-step before one was found with acceptable (ie. Precision ≤ Convergence Limit) or the maximum iteration limit was reached. See Equation |
13. | n/a | Integer, between 0 and the Maximum Iterations setting for Wetlands on the Edit menu. | |
Precision | Root mean square of mass balance error volume for the wetland cluster’s storage nodes in its final solution for the time-step. | Volume | Real number > 0. |
Table
608. Storage node attributes
Attribute | Description | Units | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
Cell mass balance error | Value returned from the storage node’s Cells Model mass balance equation, described under Storage Nodes (Cells). This result comes from the final trial solution for the wetland cluster in each time-step. | Volume | Real number. |
Reduced Level or | Elevation at the surface of the water in the storage. This is the Storage Level(depth) plus the base Elevation (see Location Control or the tool tip in the Schematic Editor) | Elevation: | Real number. |
Table
619. Hydraulic connector node attributes
Attribute | Description | Units | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
Average Reduced Water Level | Elevation at the surface of the water at the point in the river represented by the hydraulic connector node. This is based on the upstream inflow rate. | Elevation: | Real number. |
Conveyance flux | Rate of flow (or flux) to/from the wetland(s) connected to the river at the hydraulic connector node. | Volume/time: | Real number |
Total conveyance flow volume | Total volume and direction of flow to/from the wetland(s) connected to the river at the hydraulic connector node over the time-step. Equals Conveyance flux |
• time-step length. | Volume | Real number |
Table
6210. Wetland link attributes
Attribute | Description | Units | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
Average flow rate | Rate and direction of flow in the wetland link. See Qc in the Wetland Links (Connectors). | Volume/time: | Real number. |
Total flow volume | Total volume and direction of flow in the link over the time-step. Equals Average flow rate |
• time-step length. | Volume | Real number. |
Average reduced water level | Elevation of the water surface at the point at which the link’s conveyance is calculated; WSEc |
described in Wetland Links (Connectors) | Elevation: | Real number. Should be between From node reduced level and To node reduced level. | |
From node reduced level | Elevation of the water surface, calculated by the cluster solver, at the end of the link configured to be upstream by default. | Elevation: | Real number |
To node reduced level | Elevation of the water surface, calculated by the cluster solver, at the end of the link configured to be downstream by default. | Elevation: | Real number |
Target flow | Maximum permitted flow rate on the link. Also indicates the permitted flow direction. See the sub-section in Wetland Links (Connectors). | Volume/time: | Real number |
Target flow volume | Same as the Target Flow attribute but expressed as a volume over the time-step. | Volume | Real number |
For a full list of output data for wetland nodes and links, refer to the Source User Guide.
Reference list
Zanobetti, D., Lorgeré, H., Preissmann, A., & Cunge, J.A., 1970, Mekong Delta mathematical model program construction, J. Waterways and Harbors Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, vol.96, no.2, pp.181-199.