Welcome to Source - an application that can be used for both catchment and river modelling. Source provides a flexible structure that allows you to select a level of model complexity appropriate to the problem at hand and within any constraints imposed by your available data and knowledge. You can construct models by selecting and linking component models from a range of available options.

Source is designed to:

• Support the construction and operation of river models that mimic river behaviour. Water resource systems can be analysed for periods that range from days to many years; and
• Allow you to construct and interrogate water and contaminant transport models to assess the impact of future change, on parameters of interest.

You can build various kinds of scenarios, including:

• River Manager scenarios to understand and explore long term river behaviour;
• River Operator scenarios, which are intended to support day-to-day operations; and
• Catchment scenarios, which are intended to model water quality constituents (eg salinity).

This guide provides an overview of the broad concepts underlying Source.

You can find additional information in the following places:

• An email group, accessed from Toolkit at http://www.toolkit.net.au/;
• Online training, available from http://www.training.ewater.com.au/; and
• The Source User Guide that provides details on how to operate Source.

As a major provider of modelling products, eWater is responsible for ensuring they are well used. To this end, a set of generic guidelines have been published to promote a best practice, quality assured approach for:

• The application of modelling tools, primarily to address water management problems; and
• The provision of decision support to end-users of model results.

These guidelines cover risk assessment, decision support, and communication and interaction between you and end-users of model results, as well as technical aspects of modelling. They also provide a framework for a series of guidelines relevant to the application of certain functionality in Source, such as modelling storages and wetlands, modelling water sharing rules and uncertainty analysis.

This "key" symbol is associated with recommendations and guidelines for best practice modelling provided by a panel of experienced Source users. However, they are not necessarily appropriate in every situation. You should always rely on your own judgement and experience to decide whether to incorporate a particular recommendation or guideline into your model.

A comprehensive glossary of terms used in Source water resource management and catchment management is available at http://www.ewatercrc.com.au/glossary/.

Source is designed for managers, researchers, modellers and consultants to develop computer simulation models of rivers and catchments so as to firstly, understand and explore important aspects of their behaviour and secondly, guide decision making.

To use Source, you should have a good working knowledge of catchment hydrology, integrated catchment modelling, river systems and river system modelling and, preferably, the support of experienced users. This reference manual assumes you have a basic knowledge of mathematics, physics and chemistry equivalent to completing high school or introductory tertiary courses.

Information produced by Source may be useful for a broader audience of people, including:

• Management and government representatives who want to understand how and where model results were obtained;
• Clients, such as resource managers (of catchments or water), water planners and operators, who rely on a model’s results but are not necessarily interested in the detail of the model development process. They are often, however, interested in understanding general configuration and application issues;
• People affected by decisions supported by model results or who have a general interest in water use in a river system (eg irrigators or environmental groups); and
• People with an interest in water science, who may use model results and want to understand the model’s behaviour.

Since its original implementation as the E2 Modelling Framework, Source has transformed over the years to incorporate the management of catchments and rivers. The framework was originally a basic set of model selection, analysis and scenario tools. Later on, it was split into catchments (under the name WaterCAST) and rivers (Source Rivers). WaterCAST extended the original E2 modelling framework with new models and scientific functionality. WaterCAST was renamed Source Catchments in its first public release, in July 2010.

Source Rivers incorporated River Manager and River Operator, and together, they dealt with the management of river systems. Source Rivers was combined with Source Catchments to create Source in 2011.

Source can be used to:

• Construct river system simulation models that trace water movement through a river system over time;
• Track the ownership of water volumes as they move through a system;
• Understand the generation, transport, transformation, and fate of nutrients and other pollutants; and
• Develop, test and refine management interventions to improve water quality in rivers and reduce pollutant loads to receiving waters.

Generally, Source models are run over periods of the order of years (eg 100 year simulations) and on either monthly or daily time-steps. Other simulation period lengths and time-steps can be used as are appropriate for the issues being investigated.

As a Source user, you should be familiar with modelling issues such as:

• Detail/resolution requirements and capabilities;
• Choice and application of suitable rainfall runoff, constituent generation and filtering models;
• Choice and application of suitable models for runoff routing and in-channel processing;
• Implications of linking component models together; and
• Uncertainty in data and parameters, and the propagation of uncertainty through to results.

In the case of river operations, you should also know about:

• The daily operation of a river system including flows, dams, weirs, and power plants; and
• The likely response of the river system to operational changes.

It is strongly recommended that you attend Source training to become familiar with how it operates, along with its capabilities and limitations.

Source embodies a new approach to catchment modelling that encourages not only a new way of thinking about constructing models, but also about managing catchment management problems. As with all models, however, there are limitations:

• Source adopts a particular conceptual framework, which may not be appropriate for all problems;
• Source models are built from components. Users need to choose components to build a model to simulate those aspects of river and catchment behaviour that are of interest. Useful models can only be constructed where components are available and where the appropriate components are selected;
• Reliable models also require data that can be used for validation, calibration and checking; and
• Source is not suitable for detailed hydraulic or ecological modelling.

This guide is set out in a similar way to the User Guide and the Source User Interface in that the main component models are described in turn. However there are also many cross-cutting issues. For example functionality that allows forecasting of flows and constituents applies to many types of nodes. These cross-cutting issues are deal with in separate sections with cross referencing to the descriptions in nodes, links and other components. In addition to forecasting, cross-cutting issues include ownership, ordering, modelling urban systems and resource assessment.

This guide has been designed so that it is best viewed electronically and takes advantage of the tools available in Adobe Acrobat™. It provides information on operating Source, building and running various scenarios, and viewing and understanding the results.

This guide uses the dimensions of A4 paper but many of the features, such as hyperlinks, will not be available if this guide is printed. Using an electronic copy is recommended and has the following advantages:

• In case of any version changes, it is easier to download a new copy;
• You can easily search the guide and add and share comments (both features are explained later in this guide);
• It can be viewed on various media such as the iPad™; and
• It is more ecologically sound.

Use the Pages icon to view thumbnail images of the guide.

Keyboard shortcuts are a convenient way to navigate through the guide. provides more information.

You can view the table of contents by clicking the document icon on the top, left side of the window to open the Bookmarks panel.

Hyperlinked cross-references are provided for the following items: Figures, Tables, Menus, Menu commands, Contextual menus, Toolbars, Toolbar commands, Feature editors and the Source references chapter. To retrace your steps after clicking on a hyperlink, refer to .

You can search for words or phrases in various ways:

• Press Ctrl+F to enter the search item and view the first hit. Press Ctrl+G to view subsequent hits;
• Choose Edit > Find to undertake a more complex search. This uses built-in indexes to provide a list of hits;
• Press Ctrl+Shift+F to undertake an advanced search, which provides a list of all instances of an item in the guide; and
• For further Adobe advanced search options, refer to Adobe Help.

You can personalise your copy of the guide or share comments with colleagues, using the commenting and markup tools built into Adobe Acrobat™. You can add your own notes, hints, settings, or other remarks that are relevant to your organisation. You can find more information on this in the Providing feedback section.

Navigation aids are present in throughout the guide and indicate the section you are currently viewing. They consist of nodes and links icons present at the bottom corner of the page showing the section you are currently viewing. If you use the scroll bar and move rapidly up and down, you can quickly find the information on the node type of interest. Additionally, the bottom left side of every page shows you which chapter you are in.

This guide has been enabled for commenting. This means that you can use the tools built into Adobe Acrobat™ (both the Pro and Reader versions) to suggest improvements to this guide.

Each time you add a comment, save the guide to preserve your work. There is no need to make a copy of the guide unless you want to, or unless your system administrator has restricted your ability to update the guide in its default installation location. You can re-open the guide, add new comments (or edit or delete previous comments) and re-save as often as necessary. Once you have a collection of comments, you can send them to eWater for review and possible inclusion in a future version of this guide.

To add a comment, you use Acrobat’s Comment & Markup toolbar. To show the toolbar (Figure 1), choose:

Tools > Comment & Markup > Show Comments & Markup Toolbar

The default commenting and markup facilities supported by Acrobat’s toolbar include:

• Sticky Notes - collapsible notes reminiscent of PostIt™ notes;
• Callouts - an editable text box with an arrow pointing to an item of interest;
• Text Box - an editable text box;
• Shapes - including cloud, arrow, line, rectangle and oval, plus a pencil tool for freehand drawing;
• Highlight Text - to mimic the behaviour of a highlighting pen;
• Text Edits - tools for indicating changes to the text, including:
• Replace (suggest new text for old);
• Insert (suggest new text after an insertion point); and
• Delete (suggest delete existing text).

Right-clicking the toolbar provides access to more advanced tools, including:

• Polygonal shapes;
• Erase pencil;
• Attach a file as a comment; and
• Attach an audio recording as a comment.

By default, Acrobat associates comments with your login name. Although you can’t edit your login name from within Acrobat you can, if necessary, change the name associated with the comments. To do this:

• Choose Show Comments List from the Show pop-up menu button on the commenting toolbar;
• Select all of your comments (hint: click the first comment, then scroll to the end and shift-click on the last);
• Right-click on any selected comment and choose Properties... from the contextual menu;
• Select the General tab;
• Type your name in the Author: field; and
• Click OK.

Step-by-step instructions for installing Source are provided in a separate "Installation Guide". That guide also contains instructions for checking that your system conforms with minimum requirements.