Gauge node

A Gauge node represents a location in a river network where either:

• There is measured flow and/or constituent data available that can be compared to modelled flows or constituent concentrations, or
• Modelled outputs (flows or constituents) need to be recorded and then made available for viewing and comparison.

A rating curve can be associated with a gauge node to water levels to be determined from flows. It is also possible to compare forecast recession with actual recessions at gauge nodes if measured data are available.

Gauge nodes can be used as part of model calibration and verification, by comparing observed and predicted outputs (flows and constituents).

Gauge nodes are not used to input data for subsequent use in a Source model. Flow and constituent data are input via inflow nodes or via an unaccounted difference node. Data at gauge nodes are used for recording and comparison only.

A gauge node can be configured as an unaccounted difference node, which is described in more detail in the Forecasting chapter.. At an unaccounted difference node:

• the difference between observed and modelled flow and constituents can be calculated and reported by the model.
• The input observed gauge data (flow and/or constituents) replaces modelled data (flow and /or constituents).

The Gauge model is implemented at the site-scale where a gauge is physically located within the catchment. The temporal scale is usually determined by the time-step of the measured data. Common temporal scales are daily or monthly.

eWater CRC

Gauge node was introduced in Source Rivers, WaterCAST and subsequently, Source Catchments.

Source version 2.17

The gauge node must be part of a node link network.

Gauge is automatically installed with Source.

A gauge node either marks:

• a point in a river where there is a physical gauge where measurements of flow or constituents are made; or
• a logical point in a river model where you need to be able to compare and view modelled outputs (flow or constituents).

If time-series data for the physical gauge location is available, the data can be loaded into the gauge node. Alternatively, a time series from another scenario can be loaded. If necessary, a rating curve can be specified and used to convert gauge measurements (water levels) to flow.

The output for the gauge node allows comparison between the loaded flow or constituent data and modelled flow or constituent data at a point in the network. This can be used to assist model calibration and validation when observed flow or constituents (from a physical gauge) and simulated flow or constituents are compared.

When ownership is enabled, the unaccounted difference is shared between owners using the using the sharing rules specified for the ownership system that is specified for the gauge node.

The user can specify each owners’s share of the gauge node input (when the gauge node is operating as an unaccounted difference node) as a percentage, time series or expression. The user can also specify that at a gauge node, ownership remains as is.

The unaccounted difference is calculated as a time series of differences between measured and modelled flows.

A rating curve relates water level (stage or gauge reading), discharge, and surface width. Data is entered as a table directly into Source or as a csv file. Linear interpolation is used between the specified values.

Determination of rating curves is governed by an Australian Standard AS 3778.2.3 - Measurement of water flow in open channels - Part 2.3: General determination of the stage discharge relation (2001). It can be a deceptively complex issue, see for example Fenton and Keller (2001).

The modeller can forecast unaccounted difference for flow and constituents at an unaccounted difference node. See the forecasting section of the SRG for details.

Variables are defined in Table 17.

Forecast unaccounted differences are used to adjust orders and the volume released from storage so that all accounted and unaccounted demands are satisfied from the releases.

Note that the forecast of unaccounted difference for a future time-step may be updated at each time-step.

For each future time-step t+j from the shortest to the longest delivery time from upstream storage(s) to the gauge node (note that in the following UD means unaccounted difference):

Calculate the current UD flow forecast for time-step t+j (positive number is a gain, negative number is a loss).

For each conservative constituent cc where the user has specified that the input concentration should replace the modelled concentration (Set(cc)=YES), forecast concentration using the configured forecast function (the default forecast function calculates the forecast using observed constituent concentration UDConcObserved(cc) in earlier time-steps):

Where:

fUDConcForecast()
is the function used to create the forecast

UDConcForecast
is the forecast value

Get the flow forecast using the total UD flow forecast function (the default forecast function calculates the forecast using observed flow UDFLowObserved in earlier time-steps):

Where:

fUDFlowForecast()
is the function used to create the forecast

UDFlowForecast
is the forecast value

If ownership is enabled:

• Find the sharing ratio for each owner o (which is initially zero)
• If the ownership system’s Other Lateral Flux Sharing = Fixed Ratio

• Otherwise, the ratio is the owner’s share of total downstream orders due for delivery at the gauge node in time-step t+j

Where

OrderDS(o,t+j)
is order volume passed from downstream for time-step (t+j) for owner o.

• Apply the sharing ratio to get each owner’s initial share of forecast UD:

Get the order volume for time-step t+j to pass upstream:

If ownership is enabled

• if any owner o has a unaccounted difference gain greater than their order (UDFlowForecast(o,t+j) > OrderDS(o,t+j)), share to those that don’t:
• Get each owner’s UD surplus/deficit ie the amount of order capacity that the owner can lend to other owners (or needs to borrow from other owners)

• Use the borrow method to determine how much each owner borrows/lends OwnerBorrowed(o), OwnerLent(o). In this case the borrow accounts are NOT updated.
• Adjust each owner’s UD forecast to get a final one:

• Adjust the owner’s downstream order for UD to get the volume of order to pass upstream, ensuring that order volume is not negative:

Otherwise (no ownership), adjust the downstream order for UD to get the upstream order, ensuring that the order volume is not negative:

Details on calculation procedures during the flow phase are provided below.

Calculate total flow rates & volumes:

• Observed flow rate (see Table 18)
• Observed flow UD (used in River Operator forecasting, also reported)

• Outflow rate (see Table 19)
• Total outflow, water surface elevation (this only applied if a rating table is loaded):

If ownership is enabled, determine owner flow rates & volumes.

If setOwnerhip=YES,

• Determine the owner outflow share percentages:
• If the modeller has specified a sharing expression:

• Otherwise use the configured fixed percentage

• Get each owner’s outflow rate and volume:

Otherwise (when setOwnerhip=NO), share observed flow UD like a lateral flux:

• Calculate each owner’s outflow volume (see Table 20)
• Calculate each owner’s outflow rate

If ownership is enabled, ensure no owner has a negative share of outflow (this could occur if SetFlow=YES and UDFlowObserved < 0), then determine unaccounted difference:

• If any owner has negative outflow, adjust owner shares:

Use the borrow method to get OwnerBorrowed(o) and OwnerLent(o) (See the Borrow & Payback description). The borrow accounts need to be updated for borrow that occurs. Once this is done:

• Update each owner’s downstream outflow rate:

• Calculate each owner’s unaccounted difference.

Get inflow concentration and mass for each conservative constituent modelled (InflowConc(cc), InflowMass(cc)) - see the Conservative Constituent Modelling description.

For each conservative constituent cc modelled, calculate:

• Observed Concentration (see Table 21)

Observed Mass:

• Observed UD for concentration & mass:

Observed UD (concentration) is used in forecasting when the set option is YES, and reported under this name. When the set option is NO it is reported as "Error". Observed UD mass is not used in forecasting, but is reported (as UD when set=YES, and Error when set=NO)

• Outflow concentration and mass (see Table 22)

Two settings are considered here; in addition see Input data.

Ticking the Set flow check box enables the calculation of a time series of differences between modelled flows and flow loaded at the gauge node. Modelled flows will be replaced by loaded flows.

Ticking the Set to metered values check box enables the calculation of a time series of differences between modelled concentrations and concentrations loaded at the gauge node. Modelled concentrations will be replaced by loaded concentrations

Recession forecasts can be based on the current time-step or the previous time-step. Forecasting functionality is discussed further in the section on the Inflow node.

Four types of input data can be specified.

• Details - station number, river name and station name.
• Gauge flow - time series of flow data either measured or modelled, to be compared with data from the current scenario at the gauge node.
• Rating curve - site specific rating curve with rows of values that specify gauge reading, discharge and surface width. Data can be entered directly or as a csv file.
• Constituents - time series of constituent flow data either measured or modelled, to be compared with data from the current scenario.

In addition the k value in the recession equation can be input. See the forecasting chapter for details.

For details on importing data files into Source, see the Source User Guide.

The gauge node outputs any flow and constituent data (that have been loaded) and any modelled data that has been calculated at the location of the gauge node in the model.

Fenton, J. D. and R. J. Keller (2001). The calculation of streamflow from measurements of stage. Melbourne, Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology. http://www.catchment.crc.org.au/pdfs/technical200106.pdf

Australian Standard AS 3778.2.3-Measurement of water flow in open channels - Part 2.3: General determination of the stage discharge relation (2001)

1 Data refers to flows and constituents being provided by the user

2 In a river operator scenario, for the current time-step t there is no observed data and a forecast must be used

1 should concentrations be set to metered values? (yes/no)