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GR4H
The GR4H model is a catchment water balance model that relates runoff to rainfall and evapotranspiration using hourly data. The model contains two stores and has four parameters.
Scale
GR4H operates at a catchment scale with an hourly time-step.
Principal developer
The GR4H model is a version of the daily time step, GR4J model, which was modified to be suitable for running at hourly time step. Further details on the development of GR4J are provided in the scientific reference guide for GR4J Add link to GR4J here. Details of the GR4H model are provided in Perrin et al. (2003).
Scientific provenance
The successive versions of GR4H were widely tested on large sets of catchments in France but also in other countries, using demanding testing frameworks (Andréassian et al., 2009). The GR4H model has also been compared with other hydrological models and has provided comparatively good results (see e.g. Perrin et al., 2001; 2003).
Version
Source v4.5
Dependencies
None.
Structure and processes
The mathematical details provided below follow the presentation of the model made by Perrin et al. (2003). Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the model.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the GR4J model
In the following, for calculations at a given time-step, we note P the rainfall depth and E the potential evapotranspiration estimate that are inputs to the model. P is an estimate of the areal catchment rainfall that can be computed by any interpolation method from available rain gauges. E can be based on long-term average monthly or daily values, which means the same potential evapotranspiration series could be repeated every year, although a recorded time series of E would be expected to give a better result.
All water quantities (input, output, internal variables) are expressed in mm, by dividing water volumes by catchment area, when necessary. All the operations described below are relative to a given time-step and correspond to a discrete model formulation (obtained after integration of the continuous formulation over the time-step).
Determination of net rainfall and PE
The first operation is the subtraction of E from P to determine either a net rainfall Pn or a net evapotranspiration capacity En. In GR4J, this operation is computed as if there were an interception storage of zero capacity. Pn and En are computed with the following equations:
Equation 1 |
otherwise:
Equation 2 |
Production store
This store can be considered as a soil moisture accounting (SMA) store. In case Pn is not zero, a part Ps of Pn fills the production store. It is determined as a function of the level S in the store by:
|
where the terms are defined in Table 1.
Table1. Model parameter definitions
Parameter | Definition |
---|---|
E | Potential areal evapotranspiration |
En | Net evapotranspiration capacity |
Es | Actual evaporation rate |
F(x2) | Groundwater exchange term |
P | Areal catchment rainfall |
Perc | Percolation leakage |
Pn | Net rainfall |
Pr | Total quantity of water to reach routing functions |
Pn-Ps | Amount of net rainfall that goes directly to the routing functions |
Ps | Amount of net rainfall that goes directly to the production store |
Q | Total stream flow |
Q1 | Output of UH2 |
Q9 | Output of UH1 |
Qd | Direct flow component |
Qr | Routed flow component |
R | Water content in the routing store |
S | Water content in the production store |
UH1, UH2 | Unit hydrographs |
x1 | Capacity of the production soil (SMA) store (mm) |
x2 | Water exchange coefficient (mm) |
x3 | Capacity of the routing store (mm) |
x4 | Time parameter (days) for unit hydrographs |
Equation 3 and Equation 4 result from the integration over the time-step of the differential equations that have a parabolic form with terms in (S/x1)², as detailed by (Edijatno and Michel, 1989).
In the other case, when En is not zero, an actual evaporation rate is determined as a function of the level in the production store to calculate the quantity Es of water that will evaporate from the store. It is obtained by:
|
The water content in the production store is then updated with:
Equation 5 |
Note that S can never exceed x1. A representation of the rating curves obtained with Equation 3 and Equation 4 is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Behaviour of the production functions (Es/En: solid line; Ps/Pn: dashed line) as a function of storage rate S/x1 for different values of En/x1 or Pn/x1
A percolation leakage Perc from the production store is then calculated as a power function of the reservoir content:
| Perc=S1-1+14Sx14-1/4 |
Perc is always lower than S. The reservoir content becomes:
Equation 7 |
The percolation function in Equation 6 occurs as if it originated from a store with a maximum capacity of 4•x1. Given the power law of the mathematical formulation, this means that the percolation does not contribute much to the stream flow and is interesting mainly for low flow simulation.
Linear routing with unit hygrographs
The total quantity Pr of water that reaches the routing functions is given by:
Equation 8 |
Pr is divided into two flow components according to a fixed split: 90 % of Pr is routed by a unit hydrograph UH1 and then a non linear routing store, and the remaining 10% of Pr is routed by a single unit hydrograph UH2. With UH1 and UH2, one can simulate the time lag between the rainfall event and the resulting stream flow peak. Their ordinates are used in the model to spread effective rainfall over several successive time-steps. Both unit hydrographs depend on the same time parameter x4 expressed in hours. However, UH1 has a time base of x4 hours whereas UH2 has a time base of 2•x4 hours. x4 can take real values and is greater than 0.5 hours.
In their discrete form, unit hydrographs UH1 and UH2 have n and m ordinates respectively, where n and m are the smallest integers exceeding x4 and 2•x4 respectively. This means that the water is staggered into n unit hydrograph inputs for UH1 and m inputs for UH2. The ordinates of both unit hydrographs are derived from the corresponding S-curves (cumulative proportion of the input with time) denoted by SH1and SH2 respectively. SH1 is defined along time t by:
Equation 9 | |
Equation 10 | For 0<t<x4, SH1t=tx454 |
Equation 11 |
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SH2 is similarly defined by:
Equation 12 | |
---|---|
| For 0<t≤x4, SH2t=12tx454 |
| For 0<t<2x4, SH2t=1-122-tx454 |
---|---|
Equation 15 |
UH1 and UH2 ordinates are then calculated by:
Equation 16 | |
---|---|
Equation 17 |
where:
j is an integer.
If 0.5 ≤ x4 ≤ 1, UH1 has a single ordinate equal to one and UH2 has only two ordinates.
At each time-step, the outputs Q9 and Q1 of the two unit hydrographs correspond to the discrete convolution products and are given by:
| |
|
---|
where:
Equation 20 |
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Inter catchment groundwater exchange
A groundwater exchange term F that acts on both flow components, is then calculated as:
|
Where R is the level in the routing store, x3 its "reference" capacity and x2 the water exchange coefficient. x2 can be either positive in case of water imports, negative for water exports or zero when there is no water exchange. The higher the level in the routing store, the larger the exchange. In absolute value, F cannot be greater than x2: x2 represents the maximum quantity of water that can be added (or released) to (from) each model flow component when the routing store level equals x3. Note that Le Moine (2008) proposed an improved formulation of this function, with an additional parameter.
Non linear routing store
The level in the routing store is updated by adding the output Q9 of UH1 and F as follows:
Equation 22 |
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The outflow Qr of the reservoir is then calculated as:
|
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Qr is always lower than R, as shown in Figure 4. The formulation of the output of the store is the same as the percolation from the SMA store. The level in the reservoir becomes:
Equation 24 |
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Note that, although the reservoir can receive a water input greater than the saturation deficit x3-R at the beginning of a time-step, the level in the reservoir can never exceed the capacity x3 at the end of a time-step, as shown in Figure 4. Therefore, the capacity x3 could be called the "one hour ahead maximum capacity". This routing store is able to simulate long stream flow recessions, when necessary.
Figure 4. Illustration of the outflow Qr from the routing reservoir as a function of the level in the store after the introduction of input Q9
Total stream flow
Like the content of the routing store, the output Q1 of UH2 is subject to the same water exchange F to give the flow component Qd as follows:
Equation 25 |
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Total stream flow Q is finally obtained by:
Equation 26 |
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Input data
The model requires daily rainfall and potential evapotranspiration data. The rainfall and evaporation data sets need to be continuous and overlapping.
Parameters or settings
Information on parameters is provided in Table 2. All four parameters are real numbers. x1 and x3 are positive, x4 is greater than 0.5 and x2 can be either positive zero or negative.
Guidance on expected median values and ranges for parameters were obtained from van Esse (2012, p. 83)
Table 2: Parameters in GR4H and their default values
Parameter | Description | Units | Default | Range |
x1 | Capacity of the production soil (SMA) store | mm | 350 | 1-1200 |
x2 | Water exchange coefficient | none | 0 | -5.0-3.0 |
x3 | Capacity of the routing store | mm | 199 | 44-663 |
x4 | Time parameter for unit hydrographs | hours | 5.0 | 0.5-96 |
Most optimisation algorithms used to calibrate the model parameter values require knowledge of an initial parameter set. This initial set may consist of median values obtained on a large variety of catchments (for example, see Table 3). Given the small number of model parameters, simple optimisation algorithms are generally capable of identifying parameter values yielding satisfactory results. The choice of an objective function depends on the objectives of model user. Note that care should be taken to set appropriate initial conditions of the internal state variables in the model to avoid discrepancies at the beginning of the simulation periods. One year can be used for model warm-up at the beginning of each simulation.
Table 3: Values of median model parameters and approximate 80% confidence intervals
Parameter | Median Value | 80% Confidence Interval |
---|---|---|
x1 | 350 | 100-1200 |
x2 | 0 | -5 to 3 |
x3 | 90 | 20-300 |
x4 | 1.7 | 1.1-2.9 |
Output data
The model outputs daily surface flow and intercatchment groundwater exchange flow, expressed in mm/day.
References
Perrin, C., C. Michel, and V. Andréassian (2003), Improvement of a parsimonious model for streamflow simulation, J. Hydrol., 279, 275-289.
van Esse, W.R. (2012) Demystifying hydrological monsters, Can flexibility in model structure explain monster catchments?, M.Sc. Thesis, University of Twente, Enshede, Netherlands.
Bibliography
Le Moine, N. (2008), Le bassin versant de surface vu par le souterrain : une voie d'amélioration des performances et du réalisme des modèles pluie-débit ?, PhD thesis (french), UPMC, Paris, France.